Study Outline for test #4 - CHEM 442 - 2007

Lipids:

Know the composition and function of the following:

            steroids, cholesterol (don’t need to know structure), cholesterol ester, integral and peripheral proteins (how are these removed and how can it be determined if they are located on inside, outside or both).

Know how hydrogenation and oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid chains works.

Know relationship between arachidonic acid and prostaglandins and aspirin’s action on this.

Be able to recognize the isoprene units in “unmodified” biomolecules.

Know how and why bilayers form (hydrophobic effect) and their relative permeability (generally most permeable to small, nonpolar compounds), 3 types of motion (tail movement, lateral diffusion, flip-flop) fluidity states (gel to fluid transition, with intermediate liquid-ordered state).

Know the characteristics of a membrane.

Know generally how the structure of an erythrocyte (RBC) is maintained.

Know about hydropathy plots and membrane spanning helices.

Know how the function of soap micelles, lipoproteins and bile salts compared to each other and to liposomes and membranes.

Know about membrane rafts.

Know about transport mechanisms:

I.) simple diffusion (driven by the electrochemical gradient);

II.) facilitated diffusion (passive transport) by “catalysts” called transporters, including the glucose transporter (uniporter)* (using amphipathic helices)

III.) active transport      a.) primary (“uses up ATP”) (ATPases)

                                                1.) P-type    drive cation transport, e.g. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase*

                                                                2.) V-type    acidify compartments

                                                3.) F-type     work by running backwards to make ATP

                                                4.) multidrug transporter

                                    b.) secondary (uses up a concentration gradient of some solute)

                                                Glucose/Na⁺ cotransport system*

* How these three work together (fig.11-44)

IV.) ionophores

V.) ion-selective channels, and relation to cystic fibrosis

Know about aquaporin.

Know about the classes of transport systems:

I.) Uniport

II.) Cotransport              a.) Symport

            b.) Antiport

Know the function of bile salts and how they work.

Know the composition and function of lipoproteins.